A study of 1,300 Chinese middle schoolers identified a serial mediation path: parental psychological control triggers psychological reactance, which drives smartphone overuse, which harms mental health. The more parents “control,” the stronger the rebound.
A 5-year longitudinal German study of 789 adolescents identified four parenting profiles and found that “limited supportive” parents — who are generally warm but use conditional regard in specific situations — produced internalizing problem outcomes statistically indistinguishable from truly neglectful parents.
A 12-year longitudinal study of 714 families compared seven different family structures and found no significant differences in adolescent problem behaviors. What predicted outcomes was the quality of the parent-child relationship, regardless of family form.